![]() ![]() This is particularly evident when considering pitch processing, temporal processing, and auditory scene analysis. The reason for this success seems to rely on, besides the sharing of sensory or cognitive processing mechanisms, the fact that music places higher demands on these mechanisms compared to speech. However, a debate on these effects remains open, especially at the high processing levels. Overall, there has been an increasing number of studies in the last decades, pointing to an improvement induced by music training at different levels of speech and language processing. Indeed, if some of the operations required by music are also required by language, then one should be able to observe more efficient processing in musicians compared to nonmusicians whenever the appropriate language processing levels are investigated. Once ascertained that music and language share several cognitive operations, one can wonder whether music training affects the way the brain processes language, and vice-versa. These predictions can be made at different temporal scales and affect phoneme categorization, semantic, syntactic, and prosodic processing. ![]() Such experience generates internal models that allow us to make accurate predictions on upcoming events. Our previous experience with these sounds will heavily influence the way sounds are perceived in a structure. This requires building a structure that evolves in time, considering the different elements of the temporal sequence. However, we typically perceive sounds in a complex flow. This is important to make sense of the world by reducing its intrinsic variety to a finite and limited number of categories. Both linguistic and musical sounds are categorized. Sounds can be characterized in terms of a limited number of spectral features, and these features are relevant to both musical and linguistic sounds. To perceive both music and language, one needs to be able to discriminate sounds. Although a view of language and music has dominated the last century as two highly distinct human domains, each with a different neural implementation (modularity of functions), the current view is rather different. The similarity might, therefore, exist at the algorithmic level even though specific implementation may differ. Second, in the predictive coding perspective, music and language share the same universal computations, despite surface differences. First, because both music and language share the distinctive feature of being dynamically organized in time, they require temporally resolved predictions. This perspective is relevant in the study of the potential benefits of music-making to speech and language abilities. A predictive coding framework minimizing the error between the sensory input and the predicted signal provides an elegant account of how prior knowledge can radically change what we hear. Tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid atnicipaets the inoframtion folw. The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit porbelm. This is similar to the fact that it deosn’t mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are, the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer be at the rghit pclae. If speech perception indeed depended upon the specific spectro-temporal features of consonants and vowels, then a listener hearing sinusoidal signals should not perceive words. Sine-wave speech, for instance, although discarding most acoustic features of natural speech, except the dynamics of vocal resonances, can still be intelligible. This is because speech perception is an interplay between top-down linguistic predictions and bottom-up sensory signals. Surprising as it may seem, the answer is that there probably are no necessary acoustic features for speech perception. Nonetheless, one may wonder which acoustic features are fundamental for speech perception. ![]() These units can be distinguished because each has a specific spectro-temporal signature. Speech uses many combinations of phonetic units, vowels, and consonants to convey information. Yet, even nowadays, speech or verbal communication seems to be the most efficient and easier way of conveying thoughts. ![]() ASHA's Practice Policy Documents, along with other cardinal documents of the Association, are written for and by ASHA members and approved by our governance to promulgate best practices and standards in the professions of audiology and speech-language pathology.Before the advent of text messages and email, speech was undoubtedly the most common means of communication. ![]()
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